Ihe isi ike nke silage dị iche iche n'ihi ụdị osisi dị iche iche, ọkwa uto na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ. Maka akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke siri ike silage (ọdịnaya carbohydrate dị ala, ọdịnaya mmiri dị elu, nnukwu ihe na-ebufe), enwere ike iji silage ọkara, ngwakọta agwakọta ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye mgbakwunye.
Mgbakwunye nke methyl (ant) acid silage bụ usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke acid silage na mba ọzọ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 70 silage Norway gbakwunyereformic acid, United Kingdom kemgbe 1968 ka ejirila ebe niile, usoro onunu ya bụ 2.85 kg kwa ton nke silage raw material agbakwunyere.85 formic acid, United States kwa ton nke silage akụrụngwa gbakwunyere 90 formic acid 4.53 n'arọ. N'ezie, ego nkeformic aciddịgasị iche na ntinye uche ya, ihe isi ike nke silage na nzube nke silage, na mgbakwunye ego bụ n'ozuzu 0.3 ka 0,5 nke arọ nke silage raw material, ma ọ bụ 2 ka 4ml / kg.
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Formic acid bụ acid siri ike na acid organic, ma nwee ike ibelata ike, bụ ihe sitere na coking. Ihe mgbakwunye nkeformic acid dị mma karịa mgbakwunye nke inorganic acid dị ka H2SO4 na HCl, n'ihi na inorganic acid nwere nanị mmetụta acidifying, na formic acid nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị ibelata pH uru nke silage, kamakwa igbochi osisi respiration na ọjọọ microorganisms (Clostridium, bacillus na ụfọdụ gram-adịghị mma bacteria) gbaa ụka. Na mgbakwunye,formic acid enwere ike imebi ya na CO2 na CH4 na-adịghị egbu egbu na anụ ụlọ n'oge silage na mgbaze rumen, naformic acid onwe ya nwekwara ike itinye uche na tinye n'ọrụ. Silage mere nke formic acid nwere agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egbuke egbuke, ísì ụtọ na àgwà dị elu, na nkwụsị nke protein protein bụ nanị 0.3 ~ 0.5, ebe n'ozuzu silage ọ bụ ruo 1.1 ~ 1.3. N'ihi ịgbakwụnye formic acid na alfalfa na clover silage, a na-ebelata eriri crude site na 5.2 ~ 6.4, na eriri crude na-ebelata na-agbanye n'ime oligosaccharides, nke nwere ike ịmịnye ma jiri ya mee ihe site n'anụmanụ, ebe ọ bụ naanị na-ebelata fiber crude n'ozuzu ya. site na 1.1 ~ 1.3. Na mgbakwunye, na-agbakwụnyeformic acidka silage nwere ike ime ka ọnwụ nke carotene, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus na ndị ọzọ nri na-erughị nkịtị silage.
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2.1 Mmetụta formic acid na pH
Agbanyeghịformic acid bụ nke kachasị acidic nke ezinụlọ fatty acid, ọ na-esiwanye ike karịa inorganic acid nke ejiri na usoro AIV. Iji belata pH nke ihe ọkụkụ n'okpuru 4.0,formic acid a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ buru ibu. Mgbakwunye nke formic acid nwere ike ibelata uru pH ngwa ngwa na ọkwa mbụ nke silage, ma nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na pH ikpeazụ nke silage. Ogo nkeformic acid mgbanwe pH na-emetụtakwa ọtụtụ ihe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria lactic acid (LAB) belatara ọkara yana pH nke silage mụbara ntakịrị site na ịgbakwunye85 formic acid4ml / kg maka nri silage. Mgbe ole formic acid agbakwunyere (5ml/kg) na silage forage, LAB belatara site na 55 yana pH mụbara site na 3.70 ruo 3.91. Mmetụta ahụkarị nkeformic acid na silage akụrụngwa nwere obere mmiri soluble carbohydrates (WSC) ọdịnaya. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, ha na-emeso alfalfa silage na obere (1.5ml/kg), ọkara (3.0ml/kg), na elu (6.0ml/kg) ọkwa.85 formic acid. Nsonaazụ pH dị ala karịa nke otu njikwa, mana yana mmụba nkeformic aciditinye uche, pH si na 5.35 ruo 4.20. Maka ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ echekwabara, dị ka ahịhịa ahịhịa, a chọrọ ọtụtụ acid iji wedata pH ruo ọkwa achọrọ. A na-atụ aro na ọkwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke alfalfa bụ 5 ~ 6ml / kg.
2.2 Mmetụta nkeformic acid na microflora
Dị ka ndị ọzọ fatty acids, antibacterial mmetụta nkeformic acid bụ n'ihi mmetụta abụọ, otu bụ mmetụta nke hydrogen ion itinye uche, na nke ọzọ bụ nhọrọ nke na-abụghị free acids na nje bacteria. N'otu usoro fatty acid ahụ, mkpokọta hydrogen ion na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ịdị arọ molekul, mana mmetụta nje na-abawanye, ihe onwunwe a nwere ike ibili ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo C12 acid. E kpebiri naformic acid nwere mmetụta kachasị mma na igbochi uto nje mgbe uru pH bụ 4. Usoro efere mkpọda tụrụ ọrụ antimicrobial.formic acid, ma ọ chọpụtara na ahọpụtara ụdị Pediococcus na Streptococcus na-egbochi ha niile.formic acidọkwa nke 4.5ml / kg. Agbanyeghị, lactobacilli (L. Buchneri L. Cesei na L. platarum) egbochighị ya kpamkpam. Na mgbakwunye, ụdị Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, na B. Brevis nwere ike itolite na 4.5ml/kg. formic acid. Ihe mgbakwunye nke 85 formic acid(4ml/kg) na 50 sulfuric acid (3ml/kg), n'otu n'otu, belata pH nke silage na ọkwa ndị yiri ya, wee chọpụta na formic acid gbochiri ọrụ nke LAB (66g/kgDM na formic acid otu, 122 na otu njikwa). , 102 na sulfuric acid otu), si otú a na-echebe nnukwu ego nke WSC (211g / kg na formic acid otu, 12 na njikwa otu, 12 na acid otu). Otu sulfuric acid bụ 64), nke nwere ike inye ụfọdụ ike ike maka uto nke microorganisms rumen. Yist nwere nnabata pụrụ iche makaformic acid, na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ntule ndị a ka achọtara na silage raw kayan na-emeso na-atụ aro ọkwa nkeformic acid. Ọnụnọ na ọrụ nke yist na silage adịghị mma. N'okpuru ọnọdụ anaerobic, yist na-agba sugars iji nweta ume, mepụta ethanol ma belata ihe ọkụkụ.Formic acid nwere mmetụta inhibitory dị ịrịba ama na Clostridium difficile na nje bacteria intestinal, ma ike nke mmetụta na-adabere na ntinye nke acid a na-eji, na obere mkpokọta nkeformic acid n'ezie na-akwalite uto nke ụfọdụ heterobacteria. N'ihe banyere igbochi enterobacter, mgbakwunye nkeformic acid mbelata pH, ma ọnụ ọgụgụ nke enterobacter enweghị ike ibelata, mana uto ngwa ngwa nke nje bacteria lactic acid na-egbochi enterobacter, n'ihi na mmetụta nkeformic acid na enterobacter dị obere karịa nke nje bacteria lactic acid. Ha kwuru na ọkwa dị oke ala (3 ruo 4ml / kg) nkeformic acid nwere ike igbochi nje bacteria lactic acid karịa enterobacter, na-eduga na mmetụta ọjọọ na gbaa ụka; Dị elu karịa formic acid A na-egbochi ọkwa nke lactobacillus na enterobacter. Site na ọmụmụ nke perennial ryegrass na 360g / kg DM ọdịnaya, a chọpụtara naformic acid (3.5g/kg) nwere ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microorganisms, mana ọ nwere mmetụta dị nta na ọrụ nke lactic acid bacteria. A na-agwọ nnukwu ùkwù nke alfalfa (DM 25, DM 35, DM 40) silage na formic acid (4.0 ml / kg, 8.0ml/kg). Ejiri clostridium na Aspergillus flavus gbachie silage ahụ. Mgbe ụbọchị 120 gachara,formic acid enweghị mmetụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke clostridium, mana ọ nwere mgbochi zuru oke na nke ikpeazụ.Formic acid na-akwalite uto nke nje bacteria Fusarium.
2.3 Mmetụta nkeFormic acidna silage mejupụtara Mmetụta nkeformic acid na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ silage dịgasị iche na ọkwa ngwa, ụdị osisi, ogbo uto, ọdịnaya DM na WSC, na usoro silage.
N'ime ihe ndị a na-egbute na flail yinye, dị alaformic acid ọgwụgwọ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu megide Clostridium, nke na-egbochi ndakpọ protein, na ọ bụ naanị nnukwu formic acid ka enwere ike ichekwa nke ọma. Site na ihe ndị a gbuturu nke ọma, a na-echekwa silage niile formic acid nke ọma. Ọdịnaya nke DM, protein nitrogen na lactic acid informic acidotu e ụba, mgbe ọdịnaya nkeacetic acid na amonia nitrogen belatara. Na-abawanye nkeformic acid itinye uche,acetic acid na lactic acid belatara, WSC na protein nitrogen mụbara. Mgbe oleformic acid (4.5ml / kg) agbakwunyere na silage alfalfa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa, ọdịnaya nke lactic acid belatara ntakịrị, sugar soluble na-abawanye, na ihe ndị ọzọ adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Mgbe ole formic acid agbakwunyere na ihe ọkụkụ bara ụba na WSC, gbaa ụka lactic acid na-achị ma chekwaa silage nke ọma.Formic acid mmachi mmepụta nkeacetic acid na lactic acid ma chekwaa WSC. Jiri 6 ọkwa (0, 0.4, 1.0,. Ryegrass-clover silage na DM ọdịnaya nke 203g/kg ka a na-emeso ya.formic acid (85)nke 2.0, 4.1, 7.7ml / kg. Nsonaazụ gosiri na WSC mụbara na mmụba nke ọkwa formic acid, amonia nitrogen na acetic acid n'ụzọ megidere ya, na ọdịnaya nke lactic acid mụbara na mbụ wee belata. Na mgbakwunye, ọmụmụ ahụ chọpụtakwara na mgbe ọkwa dị elu (4.1 na 7.7ml / kg) nkeformic acid eji, ihe WSC dị na silage bụ 211 na 250g/kgDM, n'otu n'otu, nke karịrị WSC mbụ nke silage raw kayan (199g/kgDM). A na-eche na ihe kpatara ya nwere ike ịbụ hydrolysis nke polysaccharides n'oge nchekwa. Nsonaazụ nke lactic acid,acetic acid na amonia nitrogen nke silage informic acidotu dị ntakịrị ala karịa ndị nọ n'otu njikwa, mana ha enwechaghị mmetụta na ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-eji formic acid 85 (0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5mlg-1) gwọọ ọka bali na ọka niile e gbutere n'oge ọ na-esi nri, na ọdịnaya shuga soluble nke ọka silage mụbara nke ukwuu, ebe ọdịnaya nke lactic acid, acetic acid na amonia nitrogen belatara. Ọdịnaya nke lactic acid na silage ọka bali belatara nke ukwuu, amonia nitrogen naacetic acid na-ebelata, ma ọ bụghị n'ụzọ doro anya, na soluble sugar mụbara.
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Nnwale n'ụzọ zuru ezu kwadoro na mgbakwunye na nke formic acidsilage bara uru iji kwalite oriri afọ ofufo nke ihe akọrọ silage na ịrụ ọrụ anụ ụlọ. Na-agbakwụnyeformic acidsilage ozugbo mgbe owuwe ihe ubi nwere ike ime ka digestive pụtara ìhè nke organic okwu 7, mgbe wilting silage naanị na-abawanye 2. Mgbe ike digestibility na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ, formic acid ọgwụgwọ mma site na-erughị 2. Mgbe a otutu nnwale, e kweere na data. nke organic digestibility bụ ele mmadụ anya n'ihu n'ihi ọnwụ nke gbaa ụka. Nnwale nri ahụ gosikwara na nkezi uru anụ ụlọ dị 71 na nke wilting silage bụ 27. Na mgbakwunye, formic acid silage na-eme ka mmepụta mmiri ara ehi dịkwuo mma2. Nlele nri na hay na formic acid nke ejiri otu ihe eji eme ihe gosiputara na silage nwere ike ime ka mmiri ara ehi na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi. Mmụba pasentị nke arụmọrụ naformic acid ọgwụgwọ dị ala na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi karịa ibu ibu. Ịgbakwunye formic acid zuru oke na osisi ndị siri ike (dị ka ahịhịa ụkwụ ọkụkọ, alfalfa) nwere mmetụta doro anya na arụmọrụ anụ ụlọ. Nsonaazụ nkeformic acid ọgwụgwọ nke alfalfa silage (3.63 ~ 4.8ml / kg) gosiri na organic digestibility, akọrọ ihe oriri na kwa ụbọchị uru formic acid silage na ehi na atụrụ dị nnọọ elu karịa ndị na-achịkwa otu.
Uru atụrụ na-eri kwa ụbọchị n'ime ìgwè ndị na-achị achị gosiri ọbụna mmụba na-adịghị mma. Mgbakwunye nke formic acid na osisi bara ụba WSC nwere ọdịnaya DM ọkara (190-220g / kg) na-enwekarị mmetụta dị nta na arụ ọrụ anụ ụlọ. A na-eme silage Ryegrass nwere formic acid (2.6ml/kg) na nnwale nri. Agbanyeghịformic acid silage mụbara uru dị arọ 11 ma e jiri ya tụnyere njikwa, ọdịiche ahụ adịghị mkpa. Nriri nke silages abụọ a tụrụ n'atụrụ bụ otu ihe. Inye anụ silage ọka na-eri nri gosipụtara nke ahụformic acidihe oriri silage dị ntakịrị mụbara, mana enweghị mmetụta na mmepụta mmiri ara ehi. E nwere obere ozi na ike itinye n'ọrụ nkeformic acid silage. Na nnwale nke atụrụ, metabolizable ike ịta nke akọrọ okwu na mmezi arụmọrụ nke silage dị elu karịa nke hay na hay na-egbute na atọ na-eto eto oge. Nnwale ntụnyere ike iji jiri hay na formic acid silage egosighi ihe dị iche na arụmọrụ nke ịtụgharị ike metabolic ka ọ bụrụ ike net. Ịgbakwunye formic acid na ahịhịa ahịhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe protein ya.
Nsonaazụ gosiri na ọgwụgwọ formic acid nke ahịhịa na alfalfa nwere ike imeziwanye ojiji nke nitrogen na silage, mana enweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbaze. Ọnụego nbibi nke nitrogen ensilage ejiri formic acid mee ihe na rumen ruru ihe dịka 50 ~ 60 % nke mkpokọta nitrogen.
Enwere ike ịhụ na ike na arụmọrụ nke formic acid silage na rumen njikọ nke protein thallus na-ebelata. A na-eme ka ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mbibi siri ike nke ihe akọrọ na rumen ka mmaformic acid silage. Ọ bụ ezie na silage formic acid nwere ike ibelata mmepụta amonia, ọ nwekwara ike ibelata mgbaze nke protein na rumen na eriri afọ.
4. Ngwakọta mmetụta nke formic acid na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ
4.1Formic acid na formaldehyde na-agwakọta na mmepụta, na formic acidnaanị a na-eji na-emeso silage, nke dị oke ọnụ ma na-emebi emebi; A na-ebelata ihe mgbaze na ihe akọrọ nke anụ ụlọ mgbe ejiri nlezianya na-emeso silage ahụ formic acid. Obere mkpokọta formic acid na-akwalite uto nke clostridium. A na-ekwenyekarị na ngwakọta nke formic acid na formaldehyde na obere ntinye uche nwere mmetụta ka mma. Formic acid na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na-egbochi gbaa ụka, ebe formaldehyde na-echebe ndị na-edozi ahụ pụọ n'oke ire ere na rumen.
E jiri ya tụnyere otu njikwa, uru a na-enweta kwa ụbọchị jiri 67 mụbaa na mkpụrụ mmiri ara ehi na-abawanye site na ịgbakwunye formic acid na formaldehyde. Hinks et al. (1980) duziri ngwakọta nke rygrassformic acid silage (3.14g / kg) na formic acid (2.86g / kg) -formaldehyde (1.44g / kg), na tụrụ na digestibility nke silage na atụrụ, na mụụrụ nri nnwale na-eto eto ehi. Nsonaazụ Enwere ntakịrị ihe dị iche na mgbaze n'etiti ụdị silage abụọ ahụ, mana ike metabolizable nke formic-formaldehyde silage dị elu nke ukwuu karịa.formic acid silage naanị ya. Nri ike metabolizable na uru kwa ụbọchị nke formic-formaldehyde silage dị elu karịa formic acid silage naanị mgbe a na-enye anụ nri silage, a na-agbakwunye ọka bali na kilogram 1.5 kwa ụbọchị. Ihe mgbakwunye agwakọta nwere ihe dịka 2.8ml / kg nkeformic acid na obere formaldehyde (ihe dị ka 19g/kg nke protein) nwere ike ịbụ ngwakọta kacha mma na ahịhịa ahịhịa.
4.2Formic acid ngwakọta na ndu mmadụ Nchikota nkeformic acid na ndu mgbakwunye nwere ike budata melite nutritional mejupụtara nke silage. A na-eji ahịhịa Cattail (DM 17.2) mee ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe, a na-agbakwunye formic acid na lactobacillus maka silage. Nsonaazụ gosiri na nje bacteria lactic acid na-emepụta karịa n'oge mmalite nke silage, nke nwere mmetụta dị mma na igbochi gbaa ụka nke microorganisms ọjọọ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọdịnaya ikpeazụ nke lactic acid nke silage dị elu karịa nke silage nkịtị na formic acid silage, ọkwa lactic acid mụbara site na 50 ~ 90, ebe ọdịnaya nke propyl, butyric acid na amonia nitrogen belatara nke ukwuu. . Oke nke lactic acid na acetic acid (L/A) abawanyela nke ukwuu, na-egosi na nje bacteria lactic acid mụbara ogo nke ịgbakọ ọnụ n'oge silage.
5 Nchịkọta
Enwere ike ịhụ site na nke dị n'elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke formic acid na silage metụtara ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na oge owuwe ihe ubi dị iche iche. Mgbakwunye nke formic acid na-ebelata pH, ọdịnaya nitrogen amonia, ma na-ejigide sugars soluble karịa. Otú ọ dị, mmetụta nke ịgbakwunyeformic acidna digestibility nke organic okwu na mmepụta arụmọrụ nke anụ ụlọ na-anọgide na-amụkwu.
Oge nzipu: Jun-06-2024